遗传变化是HSC生物学教学大纲的新主题。当遗传学没有这样的专用部分时，这是教学大纲将更加关注遗传学和遗传技术的努力。
In the previous module, Module 5: Heredity, you may have gone through concepts such as DNA replication, protein synthesis, the applications of genetic knowledge and genetic variation.
但是，当我们说遗传变异和遗传变化时，我们是什么意思？
In this brand-spanking new syllabus, Genetic Change explores the ways in which new genotypes can be introduced into the population, including mutation, environmental pressures and induced with biotechnology.
Get ready to ace the HSC and get that Band 6 in HSC Biology!
内容重点
主题1：突变
Topic 2: Biotechnology
Topic 3: Genetic Technologies
内容重点for HSC Biology Module 6: Genetic Change
Although Genetic Change may seem like a short module, it focuses on a few, complicated concepts. Let’s look at the Content Focus straight from the syllabus:
我们可以从内容的重点看到：
- 突变可能是自然的，也可能引起人类，每个突变都有其自身的因果
- 来自环境的压力可以倾向于某些突变，这可能导致物种的演变
- Biotechnology can be used to change the genome and applied in agriculture, industry and medicine
- 生物技术对生物多样性有明显的影响
这main topics of the Genetic Change module are:
- Mutation
- Biotechnology
- Genetic Technologies
If you’re looking for some learning resources for these topics, make sure you check outHSC Togetherwhich has FREE video resources on every single HSC Biology dot point so that you can grasp concepts and revise effectively!
因此，让我们跳入并找出他们的全部内容！
主题1：突变
Inquiry question:How does mutation introduce new alleles into a population?
A great way to address the topic of mutations is to use the 5 Ws:who, what, where, when and why.
1.谁：诱变者
A mutagen is anything that can cause mutations. A few examples of mutagens include:
- Electromagnetic Radiation e.g. X-rays, ultraviolet light and gamma rays (also ionising radiation)
- Chemical e.g. smoking
- 自然发生，例如铀和岩石中的铀气体
每个都有自己的DNA变异机制sure that you understand processes such as DNA replication and repair, DNA structure and transcription.
2.突变有什么作用？
What happens to DNA and why is it so bad that it happens?
Mutations are constantly occurring in our cells every day. Usually cell mechanisms fix these mutations, but sometimes these cell mechanisms fail. If these mutations occur in a portion of the cell that encodes for a protein, this can cause misfolding of the protein.
这re are also different types of mutations, which you will learn more about through the Genetic Change module.
For example, if a mutation occurs in the gene encoding for haemoglobin, an oxygen carrying globular protein, then this can cause anaemia due to the misfolding of an essential protein.
For example, in Sickle Cell Anaemia (a blood disorder) there is a mutation which results in the substitution of one protein for another and prevents proper red blood cell formation:
3.突变的位置在哪里？
This question might seen trivial, but is really important in practice.
它们是否在DNA的“编码”或“非编码”区域？如果突变位于DNA的编码区域中，则将对IT代码的蛋白质功能产生影响。
If the mutation is in a non-coding area of the DNA it might not have any effect at all! Although this can get a bit more complicated as you get deeper into the structure and function of DNA…
4.突变何时发生？
Does the mutation occur (or is the mutation expressed) when the organism is all grown up in somatic cells? Do they occur during fertilisation or meiosis?
当表达突变时，与其对功能和疾病发病机理的影响有关。
5. WHY is the mutation important?
基因突变生物为什么重要,why do we need mutations, why do mutations exist if they seem so bad?
这se are all important biological questions which relate to extremely fundamental aspects of biology, that you’ll explore in Module 6: Genetic Change.
Mutations must exist for a reason, after all, even if they seem to only cause disease or dysfunction!
Topic 2: Biotechnology
Inquiry question:遗传技术如何影响地球的生物多样性？
对于生物技术主题，您将使用次要来源来探索生物技术的影响。
Our past, present and future plans to use biotechnology have/will have ethical, social, economic, genetic consequences because we are ‘playing with nature’.
我们可以这样扩大项目符号：
- What are some past uses of biotechnology? How do they compare to current uses?
- What are some plans for future uses of biotechnology? How do they improve current uses of biotechnology? What are some limitations of current uses?
- 当前生物技术的某些用途是什么？您可以在医疗领域使用它们吗？在工业？
- 生物技术有哪些社会益处？为什么人们的生物技术健康会变得更好？
- What are some ethical difficulties using biotechnology? In what cases would it be ethically concerning to apply/study biotechnology? Think about animals
- What benefits would biotechnology have on genetics? How have we previously used biotechnology, and what do we use now?
- What are some implications that biotechnology would have on biodiversity? Do you think it would increase or decrease? Would it stay the same?
这New Zealand Science Learning Hubhas a great resource on some examples of biotechnology:
Topic 3: Genetic technologies
Inquiry question:DNA的人工操纵是否有可能永远改变人群？
上一个主题可能关注生物技术的一般用途，但我们现在将重点转移到genetic technologies.
Genetic technology, especially in agriculture, has reduced the gene pool of some animals and plants despite having clear benefits to efficiency of food production. What does this mean for the gene pool to get reduced?
You’ll be asked to do three comparisons:
- artificial insemination and artificial pollination
- whole organism cloning and gene cloning
- 农业，医疗和行业应用的利益和缺点
What influence does social, economic, cultural contexts have on the range of biotechnologies? How are our current needs satisfied by genetic technologies?
How to Get a Band 6 in HSC Biology Module 6: Genetic Change
Tip #1: Do Outside Research
这more research you do, and examples you discover, the more you’ll be able to understand genetics. Genetics isn’t just about processes like meiosis and mitosis, and it’s not just about what happens cellularly.
If you can understand what real-world implications genetics and genetic technologies have had, the better off you’ll be.
如果您可以牢记一个或两个非常好的例子，可以更好地解释自己。
Let’s use Sickle Cell Anaemia again as an example:
At the genetic level, we know that this anaemia is recessive, and is caused by a single point mutation in the gene coding for haemoglobin beta, the protein carrying oxygen in red blood cells.
在细胞水平上，我们知道单点突变会导致突变形式的血红蛋白β。通常在此位置添加通常不掺入的氨基酸。氨基酸的变化会引起结构变化，例如红细胞的特征性双齿盘形状消失到“镰状”形细胞中。由于这种镰刀的形状，血液会彼此粘住，并且通常会引起堵塞。
在人群水平上，我们知道镰状细胞性贫血是最常见的突变之一，并且具有严重的后果，例如中风和血块。
In terms of genetic technology, we know that gene editing system CRISPR/Cas9 has been used in 2017 and saw exciting results. The patient’s symptoms were reversed long-term, which is something that drugs couldn’t achieve to this extent and cost.
这re’s not a lot of information about the particulars of genetic processes in that example… it’s about the understanding of how genetic processes have a real world impact and effect.
And if you have a couple of really well-developed examples to show your incredible understanding of genetic change, the better off you’ll be in assessments and exams!
Tip #2: Take Note of the Learning Objectives for Assessments
Let’s take a look at the Sample Assessment Schedule for Year 12 Biology:
According to thePrinciples of Assessment for Stage6，，，，assessments should:
- Help you learn the content better
- 有明确的目标
- Encourage peer-assessment, self-assessment and feedback formally/informally
获得良好标记的一种好方法是牢记学习目标并要求老师和同龄人的反馈。
您还应该考虑评估正在寻找的内容：它正在测试您的理解吗？还是正在测试您的科学技能？
您应该同样证明自己的理解和作为科学家的技能。您如何在深度研究中最好地做到这一点？考虑二级调查，例如发育基因上的海报差距。您如何最好地代表其发现的历史和这些基因的意义？
选择深度研究的格式是解决评估的第一步。选择适当的格式（在这种情况下，您通常不会选择主要调查），并以最佳方式显示您的信息（图形？图像？）。
For more information on what the HSC Biology Depth Study is all about and how to ace it,check out this article!
综上所述…
Your understanding of genetic change is best explained with an example.
If you are talking about mutagens, include an example like ultraviolet light and pyrimidine dimerisation. If you are talking about biotechnology, consider mentioning gene therapy and its social implications.
此外，从长远来看，采取多方面的学习方法将为您提供帮助。如果您陷入了主题，请查看几个YouTube视频或图表，请一个朋友解释或阅读一个示例。
遗传学可能是一个很大的话题，但是如果您逐步挑选概念，您可以对遗传变化有更深入的了解，并获得该乐队6！
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