新的HSC生物学模块7：传染病充满了新内容！
模件e 7 has been updated to have a focus oninfectious diseaseslike influenza, Staph infections and many others.
Keep reading to get a breakdownof some changes to the syllabus/module, an outline of the topics and some tips and tricksso you can aceHSC Biology!
If you’re looking for practice questions on HSC Biology Module 7: Infectious Disease, make sure you check out our 20 practice questions we put together for you这里！
疾病简介
Infectious Disease: General Overview
Topic 1: Causes of Infectious Disease
Topic 2: Responses to Pathogens
主题3:免疫力
主题4：预防，治疗和控制
How to Remember Content for Module 7
疾病简介
传染病是一个问题，会影响每个人的生活中的某个时刻 - 无论您是收缩，您认识的人都会签约，或者您将来听到它。
This module better prepares you to understand the causes and effects, and strategies put in place to limit the spread of infection.
The topic of diseases is a change of pace from the previous two modules. Modules 5 and 6 focused on the history, application and mechanism of concepts in genetics and genetic technologies.
现在,我们已经有了模件e 7 and 8专注于改变人体响应疾病，预防，控制和治疗引起感染的病原体的疾病和特征的策略。
It’s already hard enough for Year 12 student bodies to stay healthy, but they also必须抵抗微观致病生物。
模件e 7 is also dedicated to understanding how the immune system fights off disease, and what strategies are set in place to reduce your chance of getting sick!
HSC生物学模块7：传染病General Overview
Let’stake a lookat the content focus to get a general idea about the module:
跳出我们的一些关键想法是：
- Treatment, prevention, control
- Local and global
- Cause, response and effect
- Applications
We can see that there is a cellular, social and technological focus on disease这使您的观点是，疾病不仅要使健康造成健康，而且要花费金钱，时间和资源。
The topics in Module 7 include:
- Causes of Infectious Disease– history of infectious diseases, features of pathogens, effect on agriculture
- 对病原体的反应- 植物和动物对病原体的物理和化学变化
- Immunity– process of innate and adaptive immune system fighting against infection
- 防止ion, Treatment and Control– strategies to control infectious disease like pharmaceuticals, vaccines, quarantine, Aboriginal protocols
If you need a quick recap of these topics, make sure you check outHSC在一起它在每个HSC生物学课程提纲点上都有免费视频，以便您有效地巩固您的知识！
让我们更详细地了解它！
Topic 1: Causes ofInfectiousDIsease
Inquiry question:How are diseases transmitted?
传染病通常是由进入身体并触发免疫系统的微生物引起的……但是它们如何actually causedisease?
In this topic you learn about features of microbes and how theyare able tocause disease.
Causes of Infectious Disease is separated into 2 main ideas:
- Features of the pathogen and;
- 它们如何传播。
Features of Pathogens
A pathogen is an organism that causes disease when transmitted.
You’ll learn that they can be microbes,macro-有机体or non-cellular, and can infect both plants and animals.
Due to the diverse spectrum of pathogens, it’s best to use two or three examples of a specific pathogen.
例如，you may have heard of金黄色葡萄球菌which lives on your skin and in your nose. Normal bacteria on your skin is normal, but sometimes these bugs can take advantage of your sickness. Imagine that your immune system is weakened and cannot fight off baddies, or you have a deep skin wound. Bacteria are more easily able to enter blood where they donotbelong, causing disease.
Oftentimes, pathogens aren’t found on the human body.
You will be asked to conduct a practical investigation on food and water to find out what pathogens are present, and what features of pathogens can be extrapolated from this investigation.
S. aureuscan also be found in food sources like meat, making it a great example to use when talking about infectious diseases.
However, to describe other mechanisms of food and water borne pathogens, make sure to use another example like沙门氏菌和Norovirus.
Food
On the topic of food, food is an important part of understanding the transmission of pathogens.
1. Epidemics
疾病在流行期间如何传播？细菌的传播与流行期间如何传播有关的传播，即通过污染的食物和水
2. Koch and Pasteur
The work of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur was pivotal to understanding transmission传染病。查看这些视频快速进行实验摘要:
Remember the gist of these two experiments because they are popular questions!
3. Agriculture
How have plant and animal diseases affected agricultural production?
Consider using an Australian example like the airborneplant pathogen phytophthora which you can read about here!
适应
Pathogens, as microorganisms, reproduce and mutate as a greater rate and frequency than humans. This means that there is a greater chance that they will mutate themselves to better attack their host.
For this dot point, you can use a pathogen adaptation against the host immune system to round out your answers.
Use our helpful guide to help you summarise information. Summarising what the dot points ask of you can be hard, so keep it succinct.
| Pathogen | |
|---|---|
| Name | |
| 特殊功能e.g. gram positive /negative, flagella | |
| Where is it usually found? | |
| 传输 | |
| Toxins | |
| Plant or animal? | |
| 适应 |
Topic 2: Responses to Pathogens
询问问题：动植物对感染有何反应？
Plants
让我们回顾一下。什么是一般differences between plants and animals?
If their respiration, cell structure and metabolism are different, you can expect that pathogens have evolved different adaptations to infect them.
In this topic you will be asked to do either a practical and/or secondary-sourced investigation to study the response of plants to a named pathogen.
一个实际的调查,记录病原体ns that you see in flora outside your school may be used. Tospot diseased plants easier,西澳大利亚政府拥有有关本土植物疾病的重要资源这里！
动物
This time, you are investigating the physical and chemical changes that occur in host animal cells and tissues in response to a pathogen.
You may already know somephysical changes like: fever, vomiting and diarrhoea —but what does this look like on the cellular level?
You don’t need to use a named pathogen, but it can still be good to name a pathogen e.g.Helicobacter pylori.
Image from Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.
响应感染H. pylori,胃细胞会被酸性胃汁损坏，导致damage to the stomach wall.
主题3:免疫力
Inquiry question:人免疫系统如何应对病原体的暴露？
来自微生物学信息的图像。
免疫系统是thecellularsystem that has the role of fighting off pathogens, just like your skin cells protect you from your external environment, and your red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen.
For this topic, having a clear understanding of the roles of various cells of the immune system would help you understand.
We know that the innate immune system (neutrophils, macrophages) is the first one to kick in after an infection. Afterwards, if the pathogen is still around, the adaptive immune system (T cells and B cells) kicks in.
Note that the immune system is a complex interaction between chemicals and cells. Simplifyyour notes so that you don’t get confused.
This simple animation byKurzgesagtdoes a great summary on the immune system, starting from infection and ending where the disease is resolved!
主题4：预防，治疗和控制
Inquiry question:如何控制传染病的传播？
现在我们知道了at pathogens are and how they cause disease, we need to know how we can stop the spread.
Statistics
One of the learning outcomes is to “selects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media”.
该数据与某些人群中传染病的发病率和患病率有关：
- What portion of people are immune or immunised against a disease?
- How nomadic are they?
- Malaria or Dengue Fever is Southeast Asia
Dengue Fever in Southeast Asia
Using Southeast Asia as an example, you can analyse:
- What portion of people are immunise/immune against Denguefever
- How mobile they are
- What they have used to limit the local, regional and global spread
- Historical, culturally diverse and current strategies to predict and control the spread of disease
防止
为了防止疾病的传播，已经有一些实践：
- hygiene practices
- quarantine
- vaccination, including passive and active immunity
- public health campaigns
- use of pesticides
- genetic engineering
Treat
How effective are antivirals and antibiotics at treating infectious diseases?
In previous modules, you may have encountered usage of antibiotics as the major contributing factor in the rise of antibiotic resistance.
This drawback can be best described usingS. aureus或抗生素耐药金葡萄球菌。
控制流行病或大流行
Australia has a strict border control and quarantine strategy put into place to reduce the risk of introducing potentially foreign infectious diseases.
如果他们确实越过边界，那么根据传染病的传播（人，食物传播，空降，矢量），控制流行病或大流行有不同的反应which can be found这里。
Traditional Aboriginal protocols have been integrated into current laws due to their proven efficacy, especially:
- Bush medicine and
- Smoke bush in Western Australia
如何记住HSC生物学模块的内容7
提示＃1：保持简单
Students often make the mistake of including too much information that:
- 不需要包括他们的回答
- 太多的要点不会被记住
仅仅散开最重要的一点是回应中最好的。这尤其适用于免疫和病原体。
Tip #2: Use Examples Where Possible
例如，when talking about the effectiveness of antibiotics, is there one that has solved problems but also has its drawbacks?
As you may have realised,S. aureusis a great, multipurpose example.
Tip #3: Visualise the Concept
有时，您只需要以几种不同的方式听到一些声音。绘制图表，然后观看您正在学习的概念的视频是理解的最佳方法。
HSC questions often include graphs, maps and diagrams, so your best chance at smashing out the HSC is looking at several ways of explaining the same concept.
And that wraps up our guide to HSC Biology Module 7: Infectious Disease! Good luck!
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